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<title>Linux Security Modules</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Linux Security Modules</span></span>

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<p><b>Linux Security Modules</b> (<b>LSM</b>) is a <a href="Software_framework" title="Software framework">framework</a> allowing the <a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> to support, without bias, a variety of <a href="Computer_security_model" title="Computer security model">computer security models</a>. LSM is licensed under the terms of the <a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> and is a standard part of the Linux kernel since Linux 2.6. As of 2025, <a href="AppArmor" title="AppArmor">AppArmor</a>, LoadPin, <a href="SELinux" class="mw-redirect" title="SELinux">SELinux</a>, <a href="Smack_(Linux_security_module)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smack (Linux security module)">Smack</a>, <a href="TOMOYO_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="TOMOYO Linux">TOMOYO</a>, Yama, SafeSetID, Integrity Policy Enforcement (IPE), and Landlock are the currently approved security modules in the official kernel.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div>

<p>LSM was designed in order to answer all the requirements for successfully implementing a <a href="Mandatory_access_control" title="Mandatory access control">mandatory access control</a> module, while imposing the fewest possible changes to the Linux kernel. LSM avoids the approach of system call interposition used by <a href="Systrace" title="Systrace">Systrace</a> because it doesn't scale to <a href="Multiprocessor" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiprocessor">multiprocessor</a> kernels and is subject to <a href="TOCTTOU" class="mw-redirect" title="TOCTTOU">TOCTTOU</a> (race) attacks. Instead, LSM inserts "<a href="Hooking" title="Hooking">hooks</a>" (upcalls to the module) at every point in the kernel where a user-level system-call is about to result with an access to an important internal kernel-object like <a href="Inode" title="Inode">inodes</a> and <a href="Process_control_block" title="Process control block">process control blocks</a>.

</p><p>LSM is narrowly scoped to solve the problem of <a href="Access_control" title="Access control">access control</a>, while not imposing a large and complex change-patch on the mainstream kernel. It isn't intended to be a general "<i>hook</i>" or "<i>upcall</i>" mechanism, nor does it support <a href="Operating_system-level_virtualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating system-level virtualization">Operating system-level virtualization</a>.

</p><p>LSM's access-control goal is very closely related to the problem of system auditing, but is subtly different. Auditing requires that every attempt at access be recorded. LSM cannot deliver this, because it would require a great many more hooks, in order to detect cases where the kernel "<i>short circuits</i>" failing system-calls and returns an error code before getting near significant objects.

</p><p>The LSM design is described in the paper <i>Linux Security Modules: General Security Support for the Linux Kernel</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> presented at USENIX Security 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same conference was the paper <i>Using CQUAL for Static Analysis of Authorization Hook Placement</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which studied automatic static analysis of the kernel code to verify that all of the necessary hooks have actually been inserted into the Linux kernel.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="AppArmor" title="AppArmor">AppArmor</a></li>

<li>Integrity Policy Enforcement (IPE)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Landlock<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>LoadPin<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>SafeSetID<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Security-Enhanced_Linux" title="Security-Enhanced Linux">SELinux</a></li>

<li><a href="Smack_(Linux_security_module)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smack (Linux security module)">Smack</a></li>

<li><a href="TOMOYO_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="TOMOYO Linux">TOMOYO</a></li>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>At the 2001 Linux Kernel Summit, the <a href="National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a> proposed that <a href="Security-Enhanced_Linux" title="Security-Enhanced Linux">SELinux</a> be included in Linux 2.5.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a> rejected SELinux at that time, because he observed that there are many different security projects in development, and since they all differ, the security community has not yet formed consensus on the ultimate security model. Instead, Linus charged the security community to "make it a module".

</p><p>In response, Crispin Cowan proposed<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LSM: an interface for the Linux kernel that provides sufficient "hooks" (upcalls) from within the Linux kernel to a <a href="Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">loadable module</a> so as to allow the module to enforce mandatory access controls. Development of LSM over the next two years was conducted by the LSM community, including substantial contributions from the <a href="Immunix" title="Immunix">Immunix Corporation</a>, the <a href="NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA">NSA</a>, <a href="McAfee" title="McAfee">McAfee</a>, <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">Silicon Graphics</a>, and many independent contributors. LSM was ultimately accepted into the Linux kernel mainstream and was included as a standard part of Linux 2.6 in December 2003.

</p><p>In 2006, some kernel developers observed that SELinux was the only widely used LSM module included in the mainstream Linux kernel source tree. If there is to be only one widely used LSM module, it was reasoned, then the indirection of LSM is unnecessary, and LSM should be removed and replaced with SELinux itself. However, there are other LSM modules maintained outside of the mainstream kernel tree (<a href="AppArmor" title="AppArmor">AppArmor</a>, <a href="Linux_Intrusion_Detection_System" title="Linux Intrusion Detection System">Linux Intrusion Detection System</a>, FireFlier, <a href="CIPSO" class="mw-redirect" title="CIPSO">CIPSO</a>, Multi ADM, etc.), so this argument led to two results: 1. that developers of these modules started putting effort into upstreaming their respective modules, and 2. at the 2006 <a href="Kernel_Summit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernel Summit">Kernel Summit</a>, Linus once again asserted that LSM would stay because he does not want to arbitrate which is the best security model.

</p><p>LSM is likely to remain since additional security modules <a href="Smack_(software)" title="Smack (software)">Smack</a> (version 2.6.25), <a href="TOMOYO_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="TOMOYO Linux">TOMOYO Linux</a> (version 2.6.30, June 2009) and <a href="AppArmor" title="AppArmor">AppArmor</a> (version 2.6.36) were accepted in the mainline kernel.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/LSM/index.html">"Linux Security Module Usage"</a>. <i>The Linux Kernel documentation</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/torvalds/linux/tree/master/security">"/security - Linux kernel source code"</a>. <i><a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usenix.org/event/sec02/wright.html">"Linux Security Modules: General Security Support for the Linux Kernel"</a>. 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-03</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usenix.org/event/sec02/">"11th USENIX Security Symposium"</a>. 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-03</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usenix.org/event/sec02/zhang.html">"Using CQUAL for Static Analysis of Authorization Hook Placement"</a>. 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-03</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/LSM/ipe.html">"Integrity Policy Enforcement (IPE)"</a>. <i>The Linux Kernel documentation</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://landlock.io">Landlock: unprivileged access control</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.kernel.org/security/landlock.html">"Landlock LSM: kernel documentation"</a>. <i>The Linux Kernel documentation</i>. March 2025.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/LSM/LoadPin.html">"LoadPin"</a>. <i>The Linux Kernel documentation</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/LSM/SafeSetID.html">"SafeSetID"</a>. <i>The Linux Kernel documentation</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/LSM/Yama.html">"Yama"</a>. <i>The Linux Kernel documentation</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_SmalleyTimothy_FraserChris_Vance" class="citation web cs1">Stephen Smalley; Timothy Fraser; Chris Vance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hep.by/gnu/kernel/lsm/">"Linux Security Modules: General Security Hooks for Linux"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-26</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCrispin_Cowan2001" class="citation web cs1">Crispin Cowan (2001-04-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=98695004126478&w=2">"Linux Security Module Interface"</a>. <i>linux-kernel mailing list</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-03</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050307104759/http://lsm.bkbits.net/">"Source code and project statistics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsm.bkbits.net">the original</a> on 2005-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-02-08</span></span>.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040816140809/http://www.samag.com/documents/s%3D9304/sam0409a/0409a.htm">SysAdmin magazine article on BSD Secure Levels</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kernsec.org/wiki/index.php/Projects">Security Projects based on the Linux kernel</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Linux634" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_Linux" title="History of Linux">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Linus's_law" title="Linus's law">Linus's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a></li>

<li><a href="Booting_process_of_Linux" title="Booting process of Linux">Booting process</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_kernel_oops" title="Linux kernel oops">Kernel oops</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Criticism_of_Linux" title="Criticism of Linux">Criticism of Linux</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_desktop_Linux" title="Criticism of desktop Linux">Criticism of desktop Linux</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU/Linux_naming_controversy" title="GNU/Linux naming controversy">GNU/Linux naming controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanenbaum%E2%80%93Torvalds_debate" title="Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate">Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate</a></li>

<li><a href="SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO and Linux</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Distributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_Linux_distributions" title="Comparison of Linux distributions">General comparison</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Linux_distributions" title="List of Linux distributions">Distributions list</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_netbook-oriented_Linux_distributions" title="Comparison of netbook-oriented Linux distributions">Netbook-specific comparison</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Linux_distributions_that_run_from_RAM" title="List of Linux distributions that run from RAM">Distributions that run from RAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Light-weight_Linux_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-weight Linux distribution">Lightweight</a></li>

<li><a href="Security-focused_operating_system#Linux" title="Security-focused operating system">Security-focused operating system</a></li>

<li><a href="Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package manager</a>

<ul><li><a href="Package_format" title="Package format">Package format</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_software_package_management_systems" title="List of software package management systems">List of software package managers</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="LinuxChix" title="LinuxChix">LinuxChix</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Counter" title="Linux Counter">Linux Counter</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Documentation_Project" title="Linux Documentation Project">Linux Documentation Project</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Mark_Institute" title="Linux Mark Institute">Linux Mark Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_user_group" title="Linux user group">Linux User Group (LUG)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_adoption" title="Linux adoption">Adoption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Linux_adopters" title="List of Linux adopters">Adopters</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_desktop_environments" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux desktop environments">Desktop</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_on_embedded_systems" title="Linux on embedded systems">Embedded</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux gaming">Gaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_for_mobile_devices" title="Linux for mobile devices">Mobile</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_range_of_use" title="Linux range of use">Range of use</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_malware" title="Linux malware">Linux malware</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DistroWatch" title="DistroWatch">DistroWatch</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Free_Software_Magazine" title="Free Software Magazine">Free Software Magazine</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Full_Circle_(magazine)" title="Full Circle (magazine)">Full Circle</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Linux.com" title="Linux.com">Linux.com</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Linux_Format" title="Linux Format">Linux Format</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Linux_Gazette" title="Linux Gazette">Linux Gazette</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Linux_Journal" title="Linux Journal">Linux Journal</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Linux_Magazine" title="Linux Magazine">Linux Magazine</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="LinuxUser" title="LinuxUser">LinuxUser</a></i>

<ul><li><i><a href="Ubuntu_User" title="Ubuntu User">Ubuntu User</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Outlaws" title="Linux Outlaws">Linux Outlaws</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Linux_Voice" title="Linux Voice">Linux Voice</a></i></li>

<li><a href="LugRadio" title="LugRadio">LugRadio</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoronix_Test_Suite#Phoronix_website" title="Phoronix Test Suite">Phoronix</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_computer_security_certifications" title="List of computer security certifications">Security<br>certifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CompTIA_Linux%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="CompTIA Linux+">CompTIA Linux+</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Foundation_Linux_Certification" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux Foundation Linux Certification">Linux Foundation</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ALinux" title="Portal:Linux">Linux portal</a></b></li>

<li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AFree_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-04-22" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Linux_Security_Modules&oldid=1286927750">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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